Publications by Year

2025

• • • • • • • • • Continuous operation of a coherent 3,000-qubit system. N-C. Chiu, E.C. Trapp, J. Guo1, M.H. Abobeih, L.M. Stewart, S. Hollerith, P. Stroganov, M. Kalinowski, A.A. Geim, S.J. Evered, S.H. Li, L.M. Peters, D. Bluvstein, T.T. Wang, M. Greiner, V. Vuletić, and M.D. Lukin, Nature 646, 1075-1080 (2025).
                • Quantum-amplified global-phase spectroscopy on an optical clock transition. L. Zaporski, Q. Liu, G. Velez, M. Radzihovsky, Z. Li, S. Colombo, E. Pedrozo-Penafiel, and V. Vuletić, Nature 646, 309–314 (2025).
                • Probing the Kitaev honeycomb model on a neutral-atom quantum computer. S.J. Evered, M. Kalinowski, A.A. Geim, T. Manovitz, D. Bluvstein, S.H. Li, N. Maskara, S. Ebadi, H. Zhou, M. Xu, J. Campo, M. Cain, S. Ostermann, S. Yelin, S. Sachdev, M. Greiner, V. Vuletić, and M.D. Lukin, Nature 345 341-347 (2025).
                • Experimental Demonstration of Logical Magic State Distillation. P. Sales Rodriguez et al., Nature 645, 620–625 (2025).
                • Cavity-Enabled Real-Time Observation of Individual Atomic Collisions. M.L. Peters, G. Wang, D. C. Spierings, N. Drucker, B. Hu, Y.-T. Chen, and V. Vuletić, Phys. Rev. Lett. 135, 093402 (2025).
                • Enhancing Dynamic Range of Sub-Quantum-Limit Measurements via Quantum Deamplification. Q. Liu, M. Xue, M. Radzihovsky, X. Li, D.V. Vasilyev, L.-N. Wu, and V. Vuletić, Phys. Rev. Lett. 135, 040801 (2025).
                • Carving entangled multiparticle states with exponentially improved fidelity. J. Ramette, J. Sinclair, Z. Li, and V. Vuletić, Phys. Rev. A 111, 052426 (2025).
                • Fault-tolerant optical interconnects for neutral-atom arrays. J. Sinclair, J. Ramette, B. Grinkemeyer, D. Bluvstein, M.D. Lukin, and V. Vuletić, Phys. Rev. Res. 7, 013313 (2025).
                • Site-selective cavity readout and classical error correction of a 5-bit atomic register. B. Hu, J. Sinclair, E. Bytyqi, M. Chong, A. Rudelis, J. Ramette, Z. Vendeiro, and V. Vuletić, Phys. Rev. Lett. 134, 120801 (2025).
                • Error-Detected Quantum Operations with Neutral Atoms Mediated by an Optical Cavity. B. Grinkemeyer, E. Guardado-Sanchez, I. Dimitrova, D. Shchepanovich, G.E. Mandopoulou, J. Borregaard, V. Vuletić, and M.D. Lukin, Science 387, 1301-1305 (2025).
                • Quantum coarsening and collective dynamics on a programmable quantum simulator. T. Manovitz, S.H. Li, S. Ebadi, R. Samajdar, A.A. Geim, S.J. Evered, D. Bluvstein, H. Zhou, N.U. Koyluoglu, J. Feldmeier, P.E. Dolgirev, N. Maskara, M. Kalinowski, S. Sachdev, D.A. Huse, M. Greiner, V. Vuletić, and M.D. Lukin, Nature 638, 86–92 (2025).
                • Individual-atom control in array through phase modulation. G. Wang, W. Xu, C. Li, V. Vuletić, and P. Cappellaro, Phys. Rev. Applied 23, 024072 (2025).

2024

• • • • • • • • • Fractal ground state of mesoscopic ion chains in periodic potentials. R. Menu, J.Y. Malo, V. Vuletić, M.L. Chiofalo, and G. Morigi, Phys. Rev. B 110, 224103 (2024).
                • Quantum frustrated Wigner chains. R. Menu, J.Y. Malo, V. Vuletić, M.L. Chiofalo, and G. Morigi, Phys. Rev. B 110, 155121 (2024).
                • Increased Atom-Cavity Coupling through Cooling-Induced Atomic Reorganization. C. Shu, S. Colombo, Z. Li, A. Adiyatullin, E. Mendez, E. Pedrozo-Peñafiel, and V. Vuletić, Phys. Rev. Research 6, L032049 (2024).
                • Bose-Einstein condensation by polarization gradient laser cooling. W. Xu, T. Šumarac, E.H. Qiu, M.L. Peters, Z. Li, S.H. Cantu, A. Menssen, M.D. Lukin, S. Colombo, and V. Vuletić, Phys. Rev. Lett. 132, 233401 (2024).
                • Fault-Tolerant Connection of Error Corrected Qubits with Noisy Links. J. Ramette, J. Sinclair, N.P. Breuckmann, and V. Vuletić, npj Quantum Information 10, 58 (2024).
                • Dicke State Generation and Extreme Spin Squeezing via Rapid Adiabatic Passage. S.C. Carrasco, M.H. Goerz, S.A. Malinovskaya, V. Vuletić, W. Schleich, V.S. Malinovsky, Phys. Rev. Lett. 132, 153603 (2024).
                • Control and Entanglement of Rydberg-Atom Qubits Near a Nanoscale Device. L. Ocola, I. Dimitrova, B. Grinkemeyer, E. Guardado-Sanchez, T. Djordjević, P. Samutpraphoot, V. Vuletić, and M.D. Lukin, Phys. Rev. Lett. 132, 113601 (2024).
                • Logical quantum processor based on reconfigurable atom arrays. D. Bluvstein, S.J. Evered, A.A. Geim, S.H. Li, H. Zhou, T. Manovitz, S. Ebadi, M. Cain, M. Kalinowski, D. Hangleiter, J.P. Bonilla Ataides, N. Maskara, I. Cong, X. Gao, P. Sales Rodriguez, T. Karolyshyn, G. Semeghini, M.J. Gullans, M. Greiner, V. Vuletić, and M.D. Lukin, Nature 626, 58–65 (2024).

2023

• • • • • • • • • High-fidelity parallel entangling gates on a neutral atom quantum computer. Evered, D. Bluvstein, M. Kalinowski, S. Ebadi, T. Manowitz, H. Zhou, S.H. Li, A.A. Geim, T. T. Wang, N. Maskara, H. Levine, G. Semeghini, M. Greiner, V. Vuletić, and M.D. Lukin, Nature 622, 268–272 (2023).
                • Degradation of Ta₂O₅ / SiO₂ Distributed Bragg Reflector Cavity Mirrors in Ultra-High Vacuum. A. Rudelis, B. Hui, J. Sinclair, E. Bytyqi, A. Schwartzman, R. Brenes, T. Kadosh Zhitomirsky, M. Schleier-Smith, and V. Vuletić, Optics Express 39670-39680 (2023).
                • Landau-Forbidden Quantum Criticality in Rydberg Quantum Simulators. J.Y. Lee, J. Ramette, M.A. Metlitski, V. Vuletić, W.W. Ho, and S. Choi, Phys. Rev. Lett. 131, 083601 (2023).
                • Improving Metrology with Quantum Scrambling. Z. Li, S. Colombo, C. Shu, G. Velez, S. Pilatowsky Cameo, R. Schmied, S. Choi, M.D. Lukin, E. Pedrozo-Peñafiel, and V. Vuletić, Science 380, 1381-1384 (2023).

    2022

    • • • • • • • Machine-learning-accelerated Bose-Einstein condensation. Z. Vendeiro, J. Ramette, A. Rudelis, M. Chong, J. Sinclair, L. Stewart, A. Urvoy, and V. Vuletić, Phys. Rev. Res. 4, 043216 (2022).
                • Principles of tractor atom interferometry. G. Raithel, A. Duspayev, B. Dash, S.C. Carrasco, M.H. Goerz, V. Vuletić, and V.S. Malinovsky, Quantum Sci. Technol. 8 01400 (2022).
                • Entanglement-Enhanced Optical Atomic Clocks. Colombo, E. Pedrozo-Penafiel, and V. Vuletić, Appl. Phys. Lett. 121, 210502 (2022).
                • High finesse bow-tie cavity for strong atom-photon coupling in Rydberg arrays. Y.-T. Chen, M. Szurak, Y.-C. Yeh, B. Hu, J. de Hond, B. Braverman, and V. Vuletić, Opt. Express 30(21), 37426-37435 (2022).
                • Time-reversal-based quantum metrology with many-body entangled states. S. Colombo, E. Pedrozo-Penafiel, A. Adiyatullin, Z. Li, E. Mendez, C. Shu, and V. Vuletić, Nature Physics 18, 925–930 (2022).
                • Extreme Spin Squeezing via Optimized One-Axis Twisting and Rotations. S.C. Carrasco, M.H. Goerz, Z. Li, S. Colombo, V. Vuletić, and V.S. Malinovsky, Phys. Rev. Appl. 17 064050 (2022).
                • Dispersive optical systems for scalable Raman driving of hyperfine qubits. H. Levine, D. Bluvstein, A. Keesling, T. T. Wang, S. Ebadi, G. Semeghini, A. Omran, M. Greiner, V. Vuletić, and M.D. Lukin, Phys. Rev. A 105, 032618 (2022).
                • Evidence of Two-Source King Plot Nonlinearity in Spectroscopic Search for New Boson. J. Hur, D.P.L. Aude Craik, E. Knyazev, I. Counts, L. Caldwell, C. Leung, S. Pandey, J.C. Berengut, A. Geddes, W. Nazarewicz, P.-G. Reinhard, A. Kawasaki, H. Jeon, W. Jhe, and V. Vuletić, Phys. Rev. Lett. 128, 163201 (2022); Supplemental Material.
                • A quantum processor based on coherent transport of entangled atom arrays. D. Bluvstein, H. Levine, G. Semeghini,  T. T. Wang, S. Ebadi, M. Kalinowski, A. Keesling, N. Maskara, H. Pichler, M. Greiner, V. Vuletić, and M.D. Lukin, Nature 604, 451–456 (2022) (2022).
                • Collective Spin-Light and Light-Mediated Spin-Spin Interactions in an Optical Cavity. Z. Li, B. Braverman, S. Colombo, C. Shu, A. Kawasaki, A. Adiyatullin, E. Pedrozo-Penafiel, E. Mendez, and V. Vuletić, PRX Quantum 3, 020308 (2022).
                • Quantum optimization of maximum independent set using Rydberg atom arrays. S. Ebadi, A. Keesling, M. Cain, T. T. Wang, H. Levine, D. Bluvstein, G. Semeghini, A. Omran, J.-G. Liu, R. Samajdar, X.-Z. Luo, B. Nash, X. Gao, B. Barak, E. Farhi, S. Sachdev, N. Gemelke, L. Zhou, S. Choi, H. Pichler, S.-T. Wang, M. Greiner, V. Vuletić, and M.D. Lukin, Science 376, 1209–1215 (2022);
                • Any-to-any Connected Cavity-Mediated Architecture for Quantum Computing with Trapped Ions or Rydberg Array. Ramette, J. Sinclair, Z. Vendeiro, A. Rudelis, M. Cetina, and V. Vuletić, PRX Quantum 3, 010344 (2022); selected as Editor’s Suggestion.

    2021

    • • • • • • • Probing Topological Spin Liquids on a Programmable Quantum Simulator. Semeghini, H. Levine, A. Keesling, S. Ebadi, T. T. Wang, D. Bluvstein, R. Verresen, H. Pichler, M. Kalinowski, R. Samajdar, A. Omran, S. Sachdev, A. Vishwanath, M. Greiner, V. Vuletić, and M.D. Lukin, Science 374, 1242-1247 (2021).
                • Fast Preparation and Detection of a Rydberg Qubit using Atomic Ensembles. W. Xu, A.V. Venkatramani, S.H. Cantu, V. Klüsener, T. Šumarac, M.D. Lukin, and V. Vuletić, Phys. Rev. Lett. 127, 050501 (2021);
                • Entanglement transport and a nanophotonic interface for atoms in optical tweezers. T. Djordjevic, P. Samutpraphoot, P.L. Ocola, H. Bernien, B. Grinkemeyer, I. Dimitrova, V. Vuletić, and M.D. Lukin, Science 373, 1511-1514 (2021) .
                • Controlling many-body dynamics with driven quantum scars in Rydberg atom arrays. D. Bluvstein, A. Omran, H. Levine, A. Keesling, G. Semeghini, S. Ebadi, T. T. Wang, A. A. Michailidis, N. Maskara, W. W. Ho, S. Choi, M. Serbyn, M. Greiner, V. Vuletić, and M.D. Lukin, Science 371, 1355–1359 (2021.
                • Quantum Phases of Matter on a 256-Atom Programmable Quantum Simulator. Ebadi, T.T. Wang, Levine, A. Keesling, G. Semeghini, A. Omran, D. Bluvstein, R. Samajdar, H. Pichler, W.W. Ho, S. Choi, S. Sachdev, M. Greiner, V. Vuletić, and M.D. Lukin, Nature 595, 227-232 (2021).
                • Quantum Simulators: Architectures and Opportunities. E. Altman et al., PRX Quantum 2, 017003 (2021).
                • Quantum Effects in the Aubry Transition. P.M. Bonetti, A. Rucci, M.L. Chiofalo, and V. Vuletić, Phys. Rev. Research 3, 013031 (2021).

    2020

    • • • • • • • Entanglement on an Optical Atomic-Clock Transition. E. Pedrozo-Penafiel, S. Colombo, C. Shu, A. Adiyatullin, Z. Li, E. Mendez, B. Braverman, A. Kawasaki, D. Akamatsu, Y. Xiao, and V. Vuletić, Nature 588, 414–418 (2020).
                • Evidence for Nonlinear Isotope Shift in Yb⁺ Search for New Boson. I. Counts, J. Hur, D.P.L. Aude Craik, H. Jeon, C. Leung, J. Berengut, A. Geddes, A. Kawasaki, W. Jhe, and V. Vuletić, Phys. Rev. Lett. 125, 123002 (2020); supplemental information.
                • Repulsive photons in a quantum nonlinear medium. S.H. Cantu, A.V. Venkatramani, W. Xu, L. Zhou, B. Jelenković, M.D. Lukin, and V. Vuletić, Nature Physics 16, 921–925 (2020); supplemental information.
                • Heralded Interaction Control between Quantum Systems. Y. Duan, M. Hosseini, K.M. Beck, and V. Vuletić, Phys. Rev. Lett. 124, 223602 (2020); supplemental information.
                • Kinks and Structural Phase Transition in Few-Atom Chains. D. Gangloff, A. Bylinskii, and V. Vuletić, Phys. Rev. Research 2, 013380 (2020).
                • Motional Quantum Ground State of a Levitated Nanoparticle from Room Temperature. U. Delić, M. Reisenbauer, K. Dare, D. Grass, V. Vuletić, N. Kiesel, and M. Aspelmeyer, Science 367, 892-895 (2020).
                • Strong Coupling of Two Individually Controlled Atoms via a Nanophotonic Cavity. P. Samutpraphoot, T. Djordjevic, P.L. Ocola, H. Bernien, C. Senko, V. Vuletić, and M.D. Lukin, Phys. Rev. Lett. 124, 063602 (2020); supplemental information.

    2019

    • • • • • • • Integrating Neural Networks with a Quantum Simulator for State Reconstruction. G. Torlai, B. Timar, E.P.L. van Nieuwenburg, H. Levine, A. Omran, A. Keesling, H. Bernien, M. Greiner, V. Vuletić, M.D. Lukin, R.G. Melko, M. Endres, Phys. Rev. Lett. 123, 230504 (2019); supplemental information.
                • Distributed Bragg reflector laser with intra-cavity electro-optic modulator. M. Yamoah, B. Braverman, E. Pedrozo-Penafiel, A. Kawasaki, B. Zlatković, and V. Vuletić, Opt. Expr. 27, 37714-37720 (2019).
                • Strongly Correlated Quantum Gas by Direct Laser Cooling. Solano, Y. Duan, Y.-T. Chen, A. Rudelis, C. Chin, and V. Vuletić, Phys. Rev. Lett. 123, 173401 (2019); supplemental information.
                • Parallel implementation of high-fidelity multi-qubit gates with neutral atoms. H. Levine, A. Keesling, G. Semeghini, A. Omran, T. T. Wang, S. Ebadi, H. Bernien, M. Greiner, V. Vuletić, H. Pichler, and M. D. Lukin, Phys. Rev. Lett. 123, 170503 (2019); supplemental information. Selected for Physics Synopsis; Editor’s suggestion,
                • Generation and manipulation of Schrodinger cat states in Rydberg atom arrays. A. Omran, H. Levine, A. Keesling, G. Semeghini, T. Wang, S. Ebadi, H. Bernien, A. S. Zibrov, H. Pichler, S. Choi, J. Cui, M. Rossignolo, P. Rembold, S. Montangero, T. Calarco, M. Endres, M. Greiner, V. Vuletić, and M. D. Lukin, Science 365, 570-574 (2019); supplemental information.
                • Near-Unitary Spin Squeezing in ¹⁷¹Yb. B. Braverman, A. Kawasaki, E. Pedrozo, C. Shu, S. Colombo, Z. Li, L. Salvi, D. Akamatsu, Y. Xiao, and V. Vuletić, Phys. Rev. Lett. 122, 223203 (2019), supplemental information.
                • Direct laser cooling to Bose-Einstein condensation in a dipole trap. A. Urvoy, Z. Vendeiro, J. Ramette, A. Adiyatullin, and V. Vuletić, Phys. Rev. Lett. 122, 203202 (2019); Supplemental Material; selected as Editors’ Suggestion.
                • Quantum Kibble-Zurek mechanism and critical dynamics on a programmable Rydberg simulator. A. Keesling, A. Omran, H. Levine, H. Bernien, H. Pichler, S. Choi, R. Samajdar, S. Schwartz, P. Silvi, S. Sachdev, P. Zoller, M. Endres, M. Greiner, V. Vuletić, and M.D. Lukin, Nature 568, 207 (2019).
                • Cavity Cooling of a Levitated Nanosphere by Coherent Scattering. Delić, M. Reisenbauer, D. Grass, N. Kiesel, V. Vuletić, and M. Aspelmeyer, Phys. Rev. Lett. 122, 123602 (2019); Supplemental Material; selected as Editors’ Suggestion; selected as Physics Viewpoint, Physics 12, 34 (2019).
                • Geometrically asymmetric optical cavity for strong atom-photon coupling. A. Kawasaki, B. Braverman, E. Pedrozo, C. Shu, S. Colombo, Z. Li, O. Ozel, W. Chen, L. Salvi, A. Heinz, D. Levonian, D. Akamatsu, Y. Xiao, and V. Vuletić, Phys. Rev. A 99, 013437 (2019); selected as Editors’ Suggestion.

    2018

    • • • • • • • Impact of Non-Unitary Spin Squeezing on Atomic Clock Performance. B. Braverman, A. Kawasaki, and V. Vuletić, New J. of Phys. 20, 103019 (2018).
                • High-Fidelity Control and Entanglement of Rydberg-Atom Qubits. H. Levine, A. Keesling, A. Omran, H. Bernien, S. Schwartz, A. S. Zibrov, M. Endres, M. Greiner, V. Vuletić, and M.D. Lukin, Phys. Rev. Lett. 121, 123603 (2018), supplemental information.
                • Single-Atom Heat Machines Enabled by Energy Quantization. D. Gelbwaser-Klimovsky, A. Bylinskii, D. Gangloff, R. Islam, A. Aspuru-Guzik, and V. Vuletić, Phys. Rev. Lett. 120, 170601 (2018), supplemental information.
                • Observation of three-photon bound states in a quantum nonlinear medium. Q.-Y. Liang, A.V. Venkatramani, S.H. Cantu,T.L. Nicholson, M.J. Gullans, A.V. Gorshkov, J.D. Thompson, C. Chin, M.D. Lukin, and V. Vuletić, Science 359, 783-786 (2018), supplemental information.
                • Squeezing on momentum states for atom interferometry. L. Salvi, N. Poli, V. Vuletić, and G.M. Tino, Phys. Rev. Lett. 120, 033601 (2018), supplemental information.

    2017

    • • • • • • • Probing many-body dynamics on a configurable 51-atom quantum simulator. H. Bernien, S. Schwartz, A. Keesling, H. Levine, A. Omran, H. Pichler, S. Choi, A.S. Zibrov, M. Endres, M. Greiner, V. Vuletić, and M.D. Lukin,  Nature 551, 579-584 (2017).
                • Creation of a Bose-condensed gas of rubidium 87 by laser cooling. J. Hu, A. Urvoy, Z. Vendeiro, V. Crepel, W. Chen, and V. Vuletić, Science 358, 1078-1080 (2017), supplemental information.
                • Vacuum spin squeezing. J. Hu, W. Chen, Z. Vendeiro, A. Urvoy, B. Braverman, and V. Vuletić, Phys. Rev. A 96, 050301(R) (2017).
                • Multislip Friction with a Single Ion. I. Counts, D. Gangloff, A. Bylinskii, J. Hur, R. Islam, and V. Vuletić, Phys. Rev. Lett. 119, 043601 (2017), supplemental information.
                • Two-axis-twisting spin squeezing by multi-pass quantum erasure. M. Wang, W. Qu, P. Li, H. Bao, V. Vuletić, and Y. Xiao, Phys. Rev. A 96, 013823 (2017).
                • Cavity cooling of many atoms. M. Hosseini, Y. Duan, K.M. Beck, Y-T. Chen, and V. Vuletić, Phys. Rev. Lett. 118, 183601 (2017); supplemental information; selected for Physics Synopsis (web, pdf).
                • Strictly nonclassical behavior of a mesoscopic system. Jiazhong Hu, Zachary Vendeiro, Wenlan Chen, Hao Zhang, Robert McConnell, Anders S. Sørensen, and Vladan Vuletić, Phys. Rev. A 95, 030105(R) (2017).
                • Symmetry-protected collisions between strongly interacting photons. J.D. Thompson, T.L. Nicholson, Q.-Y. Liang, S.H. Cantu, A.V. Venkatramani, S. Choi, I.A. Fedorov, D. Viscor, T. Pohl, M.D. Lukin, and V. Vuletić, Nature doi:10.1038/nature20823 (2017), supplemental information.

    2016

    • • • • • • • Atom-by-atom assembly of defect-free one-dimensional cold atom arrays. M. Endres, H. Bernien, A. Keesling, H. Levine, E. Anschuetz, A. Krajenbrink, C. Senko, V. Vuletić, M. Greiner, and M.D. Lukin, Science 10.1126/science.aah3752 (2016), supplemental material.
                • Effective Field Theory for Rydberg Polaritons. M. J. Gullans, Y. Wang, J. D. Thompson, Q.-Y. Liang, V. Vuletić, M. D. Lukin, and A. V. Gorshkov, Phys. Rev. Lett. 117, 113601 (2016), supplemental material.
                • Quantum Network of Neutral-Atom Clocks: A Possible Implementation with Neutral Atoms. P. Komar, T. Topcu, E.M. Kessler, A. Derevianko, V. Vuletić, J. Ye, and M.D. Lukin, Phys. Rev. Lett. 117, 060506 (2016), doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.117.060506, supplemental material.
                • Large conditional single-photon cross-phase modulation. Kristin M. Beck, Mahdi Hosseini, Yiheng Duan, and Vladan Vuletić, PNAS 113, 9740–9744 (2016).
                • Technologies for trapped-ion quantum information systems. A. M. Eltony, D. Gangloff, M. Shi, A. Bylinskii, V. Vuletić, and I.L. Chuang, Quantum Information Processing 15, 5351-5383 (2016).
                • Observation of Aubry-type transition in finite atom chains via friction. A. Bylinskii, D. Gangloff, I. Counts, and V. Vuletić, Nature Materials 15, 717-721 (2016), doi:1038/nmat4601.
                • Partially Nondestructive Continuous Detection of Individual Traveling Optical Photons. Mahdi Hosseini, Kristin M. Beck, Yiheng Duan, Wenlan Chen, and Vladan Vuletić, Phys. Rev. Lett. 116, 033602 (2016), supplemental material.

    2015

    • • • • • • • Carving complex many-atom entangled states by single-photon detection. W. Chen, J. Hu, Y. Duan, B. Braverman, H. Zhang, and V. Vuletić, Phys. Lett. 115, 250502 (2015), doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.115.250502.
                • Entangled collective-spin states of atomic ensembles under non-uniform light-atom interaction. Hu, W. Chen, H. Zhang, Z. Vendeiro, and V. Vuletić, Phys. Rev. A 92, 063816 (2015), doi: 10.1103/PhysRevA.92.063816.
                • Fast Compact Laser Shutter Using a Direct Current Motor and 3D Printing. Grace H. Zhang, Boris Braverman, Akio Kawasaki, and Vladan Vuletić, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 86, 126105 (2015).
                • Velocity tuning of friction with two trapped atoms. D. Gangloff, A. Bylinskii, I. Counts, W. Jhe, and V. Vuletić, Nature Physics 11, 915-919 (2015), doi:10.1038/nphys3459.
                • Preventing and Reversing Vacuum-induced Optical Losses in High-Finesse Tantalum (V) Oxide Mirror Coatings. Dorian Gangloff, Molu Shi, Tailin Wu, Alexei Bylinskii, Boris Braverman, Michael Gutierrez, Roseanna Nichols, Junrun Li, Kai Aichholz, Marko Cetina, Leon Karpa, Branislav Jelenković, Isaac Chuang, and Vladan Vuletić, Opt. Express 23, 18014-18028 (2015).
                • Two-Color Magneto-Optical Trap with Small Magnetic Field for Ytterbium. Akio Kawasaki, Boris Braverman, Qinsi Yu, and Vladan Vuletić, J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 48, 155302 (2015).
                • Tuning friction atom-by-atom in an ion-crystal simulator. A. Bylinskii, D. Gangloff, and V. Vuletić, Science 348, 1115-1118 (2015), doi: 10.1126/science.1261422, supplemental information.
                • Entanglement with Negative Wigner Function of Almost 3000 Atoms Heralded by One Photon. R. McConnell, H. Zhang, J. Hu, S. Ćuk, and V. Vuletić, Nature 519, 439-442 (2015); accompanying News & Views: J.K. Thompson, Nature 519, 420-422 (2015), doi:10.1038/nature14293, accompanying MIT news story.

    2014

    • • • • • • • Efficient fiber-optical interface for nanophotonic devices. Tobias G. Tiecke, K.P. Kayak, Jeff. D. Thompson, Thibault Peyronel, Natalie de Leon, Vladan Vuletić, and Mikhail D. Lukin, Optica 2, 70-75 (2014).
                • Cross Modulation of Two Laser Beams at the Individual-Photon Level. Kristin Beck, Wenlan Chen, Michael Gullans, Mikhail D. Lukin, and Vladan Vuletić, Phys. Rev. Lett. 113, 113603 (2014), supplemental information.
                • Quantum Nonlinear Optics – Photon by Photon. Darrick Chang, Vladan Vuletić, and Mikhail D. Lukin, Nature Photonics 8, 685-694 (2014).
                • Passive intrinsic-linewidth narrowing of ultraviolet extended-cavity diode laser by weak optical feedback. Polnop Samutpraphoot, Sophie Weber, Qian Lin, Dorian Gangloff, Alexei Bylinskii, Boris Braverman, Akio Kawasaki, Christoph Raab, Wilhelm Kaenders, and Vladan Vuletić, Optics Express 22, 11592-15999 (2014).
                • Quantum nanophotonic phase switch with a single atom. Tobias G. Tiecke, Jeff D. Thompson, Natalie de Leon, Vladan Vuletić, and Mikhail D. Lukin, Nature 508, 241-244 (2014); accompanying MIT news story.

    2013

    • • • • • • • Generating entangled spin states for quantum metrology by single-photon detection. R. McConnell, H. Zhang, S. Ćuk, J. Hu, M.H. Schleier-Smith, and V. Vuletić, Phys. Rev. A 88, 063802 (2013).
                • Attractive Photons in a Quantum Nonlinear Medium. Ofer Firstenberg, Thibault Peyronel, Qiyu Liang, Alexey V. Gorshkov, Mikhail D. Lukin, and Vladan Vuletić, Nature 502, 71 (2013).
                • Suppression of Ion Transport due to Long-Lived Subwavelength Localization by an Optical Lattice. L. Karpa, A. Bylinskii, D. Gangloff, M. Cetina, and V. Vuletić, Phys. Rev. Lett. 111, 163002 (2013); selected as Editors’ Suggestion.
                • All-Optical Switch and Transistor Gated by One Stored Photon. Wenlan Chen, Kristin M. Beck, Robert Bücker, Michael Gullans, Mikhail D. Lukin, Haruka Tanji-Suzuki, and Vladan Vuletić, Science 341, 768 (2013), accompanying Science Perspectives by J. Volz and A. Rauschenbeutel; accompanying MIT news story.
                • Coupling of a Single Trapped Atom to a Nanoscale Optical Cavity. Jeff D. Thompson, Tobias G. Tiecke, Natalie P. de Leon, Johannes Feist, Alexei V. Akimov, Michael Gullans, Alexander S. Zibrov, Vladan Vuletić, and Mikhail D. Lukin, Science 340, 1202 (2013), accompanying Science Perspectives by M. Keller.
                • One-dimensional array of ion chains coupled to an optical cavity. Marko Cetina, Alexei Bylinskii, Leon Karpa, Dorian Gangloff, Kristin Beck,Yufei Ge, Matthias Scholz, Andrew Grier, Isaac Chuang, and Vladan Vuletić, New J. of Phys. 15, 053001 (2013).
                • Coherence and Raman Sideband Cooling of a Single Atom in an Optical Tweezer. Jeff.D. Thompson, Tobias G. Tiecke, Alexander S. Zibrov, Vladan Vuletić, and Mikhail D. Lukin, Phys. Rev. Lett. 110, 133001 (2013).
                • Dissipative Preparation of Spin Squeezed Atomic Ensembles in a Steady State. E. G. Dalla Torre, J. Otterbach, E. Demler, V. Vuletić, and M.D. Lukin, Phys. Rev. Lett. 110, 120402 (2013), supplemental information.

    2012

    • • • • • • • Micromotion-Induced Limit to Atom-Ion Sympathetic Cooling in Paul Traps. Marko Cetina, Andrew Grier,and Vladan Vuletić, Phys. Rev. Lett. 109, 253201 (2012).
                • Collective State Measurement of Mesoscopic Ensembles with Single-Atom Resolution. H. Zhang, R. McConnell, S. Cuk, M.H. Schleier-Smith, I.D. Leroux, and V. Vuletić, Phys. Rev. Lett. 109, 133603 (2012), doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.109.133603; supplemental information, selected as Editors’ Suggestion, accompanying Physics Synopsis.
                • Quantum nonlinear optics with single photons enabled by strongly interacting atoms. Thibault Peyronel, Ofer Firstenberg, Qiyu Liang, Sebastian Hofferberth, Alexey V. Gorshkov, Thomas Pohl, Mikhail D. Lukin, and Vladan Vuletić, Nature 488, 57 (2012), accompanying News&Views article by T. Walker.
                • Long-external-cavity distributed Bragg reflector laser with subkilohertz intrinsic linewidth. Qian Lin, Hao Zhang, Mackenzie Van Camp, Brana Jelenkovic, and Vladan Vuletić, Opt. Lett. 37, 1989-1991 (2012).
                • Unitary Cavity Spin Squeezing by Quantum Erasure. I.D. Leroux, M.H. Schleier-Smith, H. Zhang, and V. Vuletić, Phys. Rev. A 85, 013803 (2012).

    2011

    • • • • • • • Generating Entanglement and Squeezed States of Nuclear Spins in Quantum Dots. M.S. Rudner, L.M.K. Vandersypen, V. Vuletić, and L. Levitov, Phys. Rev. Lett. 107, 206806 (2011), supplemental information.
                • Optomechanical Cavity Cooling of an Atomic Ensemble. Monika H. Schleier-Smith, Ian D. Leroux, Hao Zhang, Mackenzie A.Van Camp, and Vladan Vuletić, Phys. Rev. Lett. 107, 143005 (2011), supplemental information.
                • Magnetic Microchips for Atomic Clocks. Vladan Vuletić, Ian D. Leroux, and M. H. Schleier-Smith, in: Atom Chips, edited by J. Reichel and V. Vuletić, (Wiley, Weinheim 2011).
                • Vacuum-Induced Transparency. Haruka Tanji, Wenlan Chen, Renate Landig, Jonathan Simon, and Vladan Vuletić, Science 333, 1266 (2011), accompanying Science Perspectives by Michael Fleischhauer, accompanying MIT News Story.
                • Ion crystal transducer for strong coupling between single ions and single photons. Lucas Lamata, David R. Leibrandt, Isaac Chuang, J. Ignacio Cirac, Mikhail D. Lukin, Vladan Vuletić, and Susanne F. Yelin, Phys. Rev. Lett. 107, 030501 (2011).
                • Laser-cooled atoms inside a hollow-core photonic-crystal fiber. Michal Bajcsy, Sebastian Hofferberth, Thibault Peyronel, Vlatko Balic, Qiyu Liang, Alexander S. Zibrov, Vladan Vuletić, and Mikhail D. Lukin, Phys. Rev. A 83, 063830 (2011); accompanying Physics Synopsis.
                • Interaction between Atomic Ensembles and Optical Resonators: Classical Description. Haruka Tanji-Suzuki, Ian D. Leroux, Monika H. Schleier-Smith, Marko Cetina, Andrew T. Grier, Jonathan Simon, and Vladan Vuletić, Adv. At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 60, 201 (2011), quant-ph/1104.3594.
                • Multi-Layer Atom Chips for Atom Tunneling Experiments near the Chip Surface. Ho-Chiao Chuang, Evan A. Salim, Vladan Vuletić, Dana Z. Anderson, and Victor M. Bright, Sensors and Actuators A: Physical 65, 101 (2011).

    2010

    • • • • • • • Orientation-Dependent Entanglement Lifetime in a Squeezed Atomic Clock. I.D. Leroux, M.H. Schleier-Smith, and V. Vuletić, Phys. Rev. Lett. 104, 250801 (2010), featured in Physical Review Focus 25, 24 (2010).
                • Implementation of Cavity Squeezing of a Collective Atomic Spin. I.D. Leroux, M.H. Schleier-Smith, and V. Vuletić, Phys. Rev. Lett. 104, 073602 (2010); Erratum (Phys. Rev. Lett. 106, 129902 (2011)); selected as Editors’ Suggestion, featured in Physics Focus 25, 24 (2010).
                • States of an Ensemble of Two-Level Atoms with Reduced Quantum Uncertainty. M.H. Schleier-Smith, I.D. Leroux, and V. Vuletić, Phys. Rev. Lett. 104, 073604 (2010); supplemental information.
                • Squeezing the Collective Spin of a Dilute Atomic Ensemble by Cavity Feedback. M.H. Schleier-Smith, I.D. Leroux, and V. Vuletić, Phys. Rev. A 81, 021804(R) (2010); Erratum (Phys. Rev. Lett. 106, 129902 (2011)).
                • Fast Entanglement Distribution with Atomic Ensembles and Fluorescent Detection. J.B. Brask, L. Jiang, A.V. Gorshkov, V. Vuletić, A.S. Sorensen, and M. D. Lukin, Phys. Rev. A 81, 020303 (2010), supplemental information.

    2009

    • • • • • • • Trapping and Manipulation of Isolated Atoms Using Nanoscale Plasmonic Structures. Darrick E. Chang, James D. Thompson, Hongkun Park, Vladan Vuletić, Alexander S. Zibrov, Peter Zoller, and Mikhail D. Lukin, Phys. Rev. Lett. 103, 123004 (2009).
                • Cavity Sideband Cooling of a Single Trapped Ion. David R. Leibrandt, Jaroslaw Labaziewicz, Vladan Vuletić, and Isaac L. Chuang, Phys. Rev. Lett, 103, 103001 (2009); Supplementary Information.
                  • selected as Editors’ Suggestion, Synopsis.
                • Heralded Single-Magnon Quantum Memory for Photon Polarization States. Haruka Tanji, Saikat Ghosh, Jonathan Simon, Benjamin Bloom, and Vladan Vuletić, Phys. Rev. Lett. 103, 043601 (2009);
                  • selected as Editors’ Suggestion, accompanying Viewpoint commentary Physics 2, 62 (2009).
                • Observation of Cold Collisions between Trapped Ions and Trapped Atoms. Andrew Grier, Marko Cetina, Fedja Orucevic, and Vladan Vuletić, Phys. Rev. Lett. 102, 223201 (2009).
                • Efficient All-Optical Switching Using Slow Light within a Hollow Fiber. Michal Bajcsy, Sebastian Hofferberth, Vlatko Balic, Thibault Peyronel, Mohammed Hafezi, Alexander S. Zibrov, Vladan Vuletić, and Mikhail D. Lukin, Phys. Rev. Lett. 102, 203902 (2009);
                  • selected as Editors’ Suggestion, accompanying Viewpoint commentary Physics 2, 41 (2009).
                • Heralded atomic-ensemble quantum memory for photon polarization states. Jonathan Simon, Haruka Tanji, Saikat Ghosh, Benjamin Bloom, and Vladan Vuletić, Phys. Scr. T134, 014010 (2009).
                • Few-photon switching with slow light in hollow fiber. Michal Bajcsy, Sebastian Hofferberth, Vlatko Balic, Thibault Peyronel, Mohammed Hafezi, Alexander S. Zibrov, Vladan Vuletić, and Mikhail D. Lukin, published in: Proc. of SPIE, Vol. 7226 (Advances in Slow and Fast Light II), 722609 (2009).
                • Switching of light with light using cold atoms inside a hollow optical fiber. Michal Bajcsy, Sebastian Hofferberth, Thibault Peyronel, Vlatko Balic, Mohammed Hafezi, Alexander S. Zibrov, Mikhail D. Lukin, and V. Vuletić, published in Proceedings of the 19th International Conference on Laser Spectroscopy (ICOLS 2009, Hokkaido, Japan), edited by H. Katori.

    2008

    • • • • • • • Simplified measurement of the Bell parameter of two photons within quantum mechanics. H. Tanji, J. Simon, S. Ghosh, and V. Vuletić, quant-phys/0801.4549 (1/2008).
                • Crystallization of strongly interacting photons in a nonlinear optical fiber. Darrick E. Chang, Vladimir Gritsev, Giovanna Morigi, Vladan Vuletić, Mikhail D. Lukin, and Eugene Demler, Nature Physics 4, 884 (2008).

    2007

    • • • • • • • Single-Photon Bus between Spin-Wave Quantum Memories. Jonathan Simon, Haruka Tanji, Saikat Ghosh, and Vladan Vuletić, Nature Physics 3, 765 (2007) .
                • Bright source of cold ions for surface-electrode traps. Marko Cetina, Andrew Grier, Jonathan Campbell, Isaac Chuang, and Vladan Vuletić, Phys. Rev. A. 97, 041401(R) (2007).
                • External-Feedback Laser Cooling of Molecular Gases. Vladan Vuletić, Jonathan Simon, Adam T. Black, and James K. Thompson, Phys. Rev. A. 75, 051405(R) (2007).
                • Interfacing Collective Atomic Excitations and Single Photons. Jonathan Simon, Haruka Tanji, James K. Thompson, and V. Vuletić, Phys. Rev. Lett. 98, 183601 (2007).

    2006

    • • • • • • • A High-Brightness Source of Narrowband, Identical-Photon Pairs. James K. Thompson, Jonathan Simon, Huanqian Loh, and Vladan Vuletić, Science  313, 74 (2006), supporting material.
                • Resonator-Aided Single-Atom Detection on a Microfabricated Chip. Igor Teper, Yu-ju Lin, and Vladan Vuletić, Phys. Rev. Lett. 97, 023002 (2006).
                • Influence of grating parameters on the linewidths of external-cavity diode lasers. Huanqian Loh, Yu-ju. Lin, Igor Teper, Marko Cetina, Jonathan Simon, James K. Thompson, and Vladan Vuletić, Applied Optics 45, 9191-9197 (2006).
                • When Superatoms Talk Photons, Vladan Vuletić, Nature Physics 2, 801 (2006), article on many-particle superatoms.

    2005

    • • • • • • • On-Demand Superradiant Conversion of Atomic Spin Gratings into Single Photons with High Efficiency. Adam T. Black, James K. Thompson, and Vladan Vuletić, Phys. Rev. Lett. 95, 133601 (2005).
                • Collective light forces on atoms in resonators. Adam T. Black, James K. Thompson, and Vladan Vuletić, J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 38,  (2005) (special issue Einstein year).
                • Atomic Samples in Resonators: Forces, Photons, Feedback. James K. Thompson, Adam T. Black, and Vladan Vuletić, in Proceedings of the XIX. International Conference on Atomic Physics (ICAP 2004, Rio de Janeiro), edited by V. Bagnato, (World Scientific 2005).
                • Generating Single Photons on Demand, published in Physics@MIT (2005).

    2004

    • • • • • • • Precision Feshbach Spectroscopy of Ultracold Cs₂. C. Chin, V. Vuletić, A.J. Kerman, S. Chu, E. Tiesinga, P.J. Leo, and C.J. Williams, Phys. Rev. A 70, 032701 (1-13) (2004).
                • Impact of the Casimir-Polder potential and Johnson Noise on Bose-Einstein Condensate Stability near Surfaces. Yu-ju Lin, Igor Teper, Cheng Chin, and Vladan Vuletić, Phys. Rev. Lett. 92, 050404 (2004).
                • Self-Organization of Atomic Samples in Resonators and Collective Light Forces. Adam T. Black, Hilton W. Chan, and Vladan Vuletić, Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Laser Spectroscopy (ICOLS 2003, Palm Cove), edited by P. Hannaford, A. Sidorov, H. Bachor, and K. Baldwin, pp. 345-352 (World Scientific, Singapore 2004).

    2003

    • • • • • • • Observation of Collective Friction Forces due to Spatial Self-Organization of Atoms: From Rayleigh to Bragg Scattering. Adam T. Black, Hilton W. Chan, and Vladan Vuletić, Phys. Rev. Lett. 91, 203001 (2003).
                • Observation of Collective-Emission-Induced Cooling of Atoms in an Optical Cavity. Hilton W. Chan, Adam T. Black, and Vladan Vuletić, Phys. Rev. Lett. 90, 063003 (2003).
                • Sensitive Detection of Cold Cesium Molecules Formed on Feshbach Resonances. Cheng Chin, Andrew J. Kerman, Vladan Vuletić, and Steven Chu, Phys. Rev. Lett. 90, 033201 (2003).
                • Cooling of Cesium Atoms by Collective Emission inside an Optical Resonator. Adam T. Black, Hilton W. Chan, and Vladan Vuletić, in Proceedings of the XVIII. International Conference on Atomic Physics (ICAP 2002, Boston), edited by H. Sadeghpour, R. Heller, and D. Pritchard, pp. 91-98,  (World Scientific, Singapore 2003).

    2001

    • • • • • • • Three-dimensional cavity Doppler cooling and cavity sideband cooling. Vladan Vuletić, Hilton W. Chan, and Adam T. Black, Phys. Rev. A 64, 033405 (2001).
                • Measurement of an Electron’s Electric Dipole Moment Using Cesium Atoms Trapped in Optical Lattices. Cheng Chin, Veronique Leiber, Vladan Vuletić, Andrew J. Kerman and Steven Chu, Phys. Rev. A. 63, 033401 (2001).
                • Cavity Cooling with a Hot Cavity. Vladan Vuletić, in Laser Physics at the Limits, edited by H. Figger, D. Meschede, and C. Zimmermann,  pp. 67-74, (Springer 2001).
                • Laser Cooling: Beyond optical molasses and beyond closed transitions. Vladan Vuletić, Andrew J. Kerman, Cheng Chin, and  Steven Chu, in Proceedings of the XVII. International Conference on Atomic Physics (ICAP 2000, Florence), edited by E. Arimondo, P. De Natale, and M. Inguscio, pp. 356-366,  (American Institute of Physics, Melville, New York 2001).

    2000

    • • • • • • • High Resolution Feshbach Spectroscopy of Cesium. Cheng Chin, Vladan Vuletić, Andrew J. Kerman and Steven Chu, Phys. Rev. Lett. 85, 2717 (2000).
                  • Accompanying paper: Collision properties of Ultracold Cs Atoms. Paul J. Leo, Carl J. Williams, and Paul S. Julienne, Phys. Rev. Lett. 85, 2721 (2000).
                • Laser Cooling of Atoms, Ions, or Molecules by Coherent Scattering. Vladan Vuletić and Steven Chu, Phys. Rev. Lett. 84, 3787 (2000).
                • Beyond Optical Molasses: 3D Raman Sideband Cooling of Atomic Cesium to High Phase Space Density. A.J. Kerman, V. Vuletić, C. Chin, and S. Chu, Phys. Rev. Lett. 84, 439-442 (2000).
                • Determination of Cs-Cs Interaction Parameters Using Feshbach Spectroscopy. Andrew J. Kerman, Cheng Chin, Vladan Vuletić, Steven Chu, Paul J. Leo, Carl J. Williams, and Paul S. Julienne, in Proceedings of the Euroconference on Atomic Optics and Interferometry (Cargese 2000).
                • High precision Feshbach spectroscopy of ultracold cesium collisions.Cheng Chin, Vladan Vuletić, Andrew J. Kerman and Steven Chu, in Proceedings of the XVI. International Conference on Few-Body Problems in Physics, Nuclear Physics A (Elsevier Science, Taipeh, 2000).

    1999

    • • • • • • • Suppression of Atomic Radiative Collisions by Tuning the Ground-State Scattering Length. Vladan Vuletić, Cheng Chin, Andrew J. Kerman, and Steven Chu, Phys. Rev. Lett. 83, 943 (1999).
                • Observation of Low-Field Feshbach Resonances in Collisions of Cesium Atoms. Vladan Vuletić, Andrew J. Kerman, Cheng Chin, and Steven Chu, Phys. Rev. Lett.82, 1406 (1999).
                • Raman Sideband Cooling in An Optical Lattice.Vladan Vuletić, Andrew J. Kerman, Cheng Chin, and Steven Chu, in Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Laser Spectroscopy (ICOLS 1999, Innsbruck), edited by R. Blatt, J. Eschner, D. Leibfried, and F. Schmidt-Kaler, pp. 207-216, (World Scientific, Singapore, 1999).

    1998

    • • • • • • • Degenerate Raman Sideband Cooling of Trapped Cesium Atoms at Very High Atomic Densities. Vladan Vuletić, Cheng Chin, Andrew J. Kerman, and Steven Chu, Phys. Rev. Lett. 81, 5768 (1998).
                • A Broad Emitter Diode Laser System for Lithium Spectroscopy. Michael Praeger, Vladan Vuletić, Thomas Fischer, Theodor W. Hänsch, and Claus Zimmermann, Applied Physics B67, 163 (1998).
                • Bichromatic Frequency Conversion in Potassium Niobate. Alexander Hohla, Vladan Vuletić, Theodor W. Hänsch, and Claus Zimmermann, Optics Lett. 23, 436-438 (1998).
                • Microscopic Magnetic Quadrupole Trap for Neutral Atoms with Extreme Adiabatic Compression. Vladan Vuletić, Thomas Fischer, Michael Praeger, Theodor W. Hänsch, and Claus Zimmermann, Phys. Rev. Lett. 80, 1634 (1998).

    1996

    • • • • • • • Steep Magnetic Trap for Ultracold Atoms. Vladan Vuletić, Theodor W. Hänsch, and Claus Zimmermann, Europhys. Lett. 36, 349 (1996).

    1995

    • • • • • • • A Compact Grating-Stabilized Diode Laser System for Atomic Physics. Leo Ricci, Matthias Weidemüller, Tilman Esslinger, Andreas Hemmerich, Claus Zimmermann, Vladan Vuletić, Wolfgang König, and Theodor W. Hänsch, Optics Commun. 117, 541 (1995).
                • All Solid State Laser Source for Tunable Blue and Ultraviolet Radiation. Claus Zimmermann, Vladan Vuletić, Andreas Hemmerich, and Theodor W. Hänsch, Appl. Phys. Lett. 66, 2318 (1995).
                • Design for a Compact Tunable Ti:Sapphire Laser. Claus Zimmermann, Vladan Vuletić, Andreas Hemmerich, Leo Ricci, and Theodor W. Hänsch, Optics Lett. 20, 297 (1995).

    1994

    • • • • • • • Generation of Cylindrically Symmetric Magnetic Fields with Permanent Magnets and µ-Metal. Leo Ricci, Claus Zimmermann, Vladan Vuletić, and Theodor W. Hänsch, Applied Physics B 59, 195 (1994).
                • Optical Pumping Saturation Effect in Selective Reflection. Vladan Vuletić, Vladimir A. Sautenkov, Claus Zimmermann and Theodor W. Hänsch, Optics Commun. 108, 77 (1994).

    1993

    • • • • • • • Measurement of Cesium Resonance Line Self-Broadening and Shift with Doppler-free Selective Reflection Spectroscopy. Vladan Vuletić, Vladimir A. Sautenkov, Claus Zimmermann and Theodor W. Hänsch, Optics Commun. 99, 185 (1993).